11. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 8 as a benefit that artists derived from photography?
O It inspired artists to use technological themes in their painting.
O It lent prestige to those artists who used photographs as models for paintings
O It provided artists with new types of equipment to speed up the painting process.
O It motivated artists to think about new ways to compose images in their paintings.
细节题
定位词：a benefit that artists derived from photography
解析：The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.这种技术让人们相处新的方式来绘画，选4
12. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that it
O provided painters with new insights into how humans and animals actually move
O showed that representing movement could be as interesting as portrait art
O increased the appeal of painted portraiture among the wealthy
O influenced artists to improve techniques for painting faster
推断题
定位词：one effect that photography had on painting
解 析：Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art.让人们发现人和动物的运动和之前描述的不一样，选4
Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■
A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841.■ Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image.■ This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.■
13. Look at the four squares HI that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
Although his process produced permanent images, each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
插入题
解析：Although his process produced permanent images, each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.
找到permanent image 和his 的所指
Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■
第一个选项之前出现permanent image，以及L发明的方法来永久保存图片，后面应该放插入句，让步，选1
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Drag your answer choices to tne spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.
The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century.
O
O
O
Answer Choices
O For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.
O Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate.
O The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies.
O The work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.
O Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.
O Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists to accurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.
总结题
解析：分析黑体字：The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century.强调摄影术对绘画的影响
O For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.跟主题无关
O Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate. 第二段观点
O The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies. 细节排除
O The work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.细节排除
O Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.主题句
O Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists to accurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.主题句
参考答案：
1-5.：CABCC 6-10：BDBBB 11-13：DAA
14. Before photography ...
The photographic ...
Photography eliminated ...
参考译文：
摄影术的诞生
十 九世纪中叶，摄影术的发明极大的改变了人们对可视世界的认知。尤其是它自然而然地使绘画艺术发生了永久性的改变，虽然并不总是以我们预期的方式。十九世纪 中后期的现实主义和自然主义画家都高度关注摄影术，他们认为摄影术是一门可以为他们所用，从中有所借鉴，而且不能被忽视的技术。
与其它重要 的发明有所不同的是，人们长期以来一直迫切地期待着摄影术的发明。其实当时针孔照相机已经为大家所熟识，它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一 张白纸上的盒状设备，这种设备已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，正如意大利画家卡纳莱托创作的威尼斯城的精致风景画一样。真正缺少的是将这些景象永久保存下来 的方式。路易斯•达盖尔（1787-1851）最终做到了这点，他完善了将影像固定到镀银铜板上的方法。是他发明了“达盖尔照相法”，并于1839年将这 项发明公诸于世。
英国发明家威廉姆•亨利•塔尔波特（1800-1877）于1841年取得了另一种截然不同的照相法的专利。塔尔波特的 “卡罗式摄影法”是第一种用负片洗印正片的方法，这种方法是现代照片的直接鼻祖。卡罗式摄影法革命性地使用了化学处理的纸片，纸片上受到光照射的区域的色 调会变暗于是产生了负像。这种被塔尔波特称之为“负片”的东西随后会被用于在另一张化学处理的纸片上洗印多张正像。
这两种方法产生了极为不同的结果。达盖尔照相法是复制照相机镜头前端微小的、非选择性的细节得到唯一一张影像，不可以加印。而卡罗式摄影法可以洗出多张照片，因此相当于蚀刻术或雕刻术，其整体的效果是边缘和色调模糊。
摄 影术给最初接触它的观众留下的最深刻的印象之一是真实性。自从有了摄影术，大自然就可以向人们传达自己，至少可以表达所受的干扰。塔尔波特为他的书所选的 书名《自然的画笔》（该书的第一部分发表于1844年）就表达了这种感触。艺术家沉醉于摄影，因为摄影为他们提供了一种可能更加地细致审视这个世界的方 法。他们也很害怕摄影，因为摄影仿佛让他们的努力变得毫无意义。
摄影术的确使某些形式的绘画被淘汰，达盖尔照相法几乎取代了袖珍肖像。它还使拍照和拥有属于自己的相片变得平民化。肖像这个一度只是少数的贵族的奢侈品，突然就变成了很多人触手可及的事物。
从 长远角度看来，摄影术对视觉艺术的影响要复杂得多。因为介质很丰富，从这种意义上来说就有可能很廉价地获得一堆影像，因此摄影术很快就被当成是艺术品廉价 的替代物，而不是取而代之。即使是那些对摄影术最为依赖的艺术家也不愿意承认他们使用过摄影术，害怕这会影响到他们的专业地位。
摄影术技术 上的迅速发展，包括使用更轻便简单的仪器，在照相底片、胶卷和相纸上涂以新型感光乳剂，加快成像速度，产生了一些意外之外的结果。摄影师，例如爱德华德• 麦布里奇（1830-1904）及艾蒂安-朱尔•马雷（1830-1904）进行的科学实验证明人类和动物的运动与我们通常在艺术品中表现的有巨大差异。 艺术家往往是勉强地被强迫接受相机所提供的证据。新出现的堪的派摄影是在拍摄对象不知情时抓拍出的照片，而不是摆拍，这种摄影验证了科学家们得出的结果， 与此同时，还要感谢相机对影像进行的彻底裁剪（修剪）提供了新的创作版式。 艺术家们比如法国画家德加迅速采纳了堪的派摄影师们获得的意外效果。
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