在2014年5月24日的托福阅读考试中有这样一道题：苏美尔文明。针对这道托福考题，出国留学网(www.liuxue86.com)小编来为大家普及一下关于苏美尔文明的背景知识，这样有助于考生在面对这类题目时方便作答。小编在此提醒大家：苏美尔人(也译作苏默)，是历史上两河流域(底格里斯河和幼发拉底河中下游)早期的定居民族，他们所建立的苏美尔文明是整个美索不达米亚文明中最早，同时也是全世界最早产生的文明。
托福阅读真题再现：
苏美尔人的居住地土地贫瘠，但是每年的洪水泛滥留下了肥沃的淤泥用来耕作，由此产生了统治阶层。而统治阶层在管理时为了记录则导致了楔形文字的产生，后来文字应用到了社会生活中。
解析：
苏美尔人(也译作苏默)，是历史上两河流域(底格里斯河和幼发拉底河中下游)早期的定居民族，他们所建立的苏美尔文明是整个美索不达米亚文明中最早，同时也是全世界最早产生的文明。苏美尔文明主要位于美索不达米亚的南部，通过放射性碳十四的断代测试，表明苏美尔文明的开端可以追溯至公元前4000年。约结束在公元前2000年，被闪米特人(闪族人)建立的巴比伦所代替。这里发现的含有楔形文字前文字的最古老的石板(这是目前公认的最早的文字记录)可以被定期为约前36世纪。
托福阅读相关背景：
Sumerian Agriculture and hunting
The Sumerians adopted an agricultural mode of life as by perhaps as early as c. 5000 - 4500 BC the region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agriculturalspecialized labour force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC).
From the royal tombs of Ur, made of lapis lazuli and shell, shows peacetime
In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."
An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiformon clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina, circa 2350 BC
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