出国留学网

目录

托福阅读资料:模拟训练

字典 |

2012-01-06 05:51

|

推荐访问

【 liuxue86.com - 托福阅读 】

 以下小编带来了新托福阅读中的模拟试题,希望大家每一题都认真仔细的完成,在备考中好好准备,每天做新托福阅读熟悉考试的感觉,到考场上随机应变。相信大家在每天不断的练习中,一定会有不小的进步,那么现在就开始吧!

  Hormones in the Body

  Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

  Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

  As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

  Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

  In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

  Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

  27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

  (A) desire

  (B) origin

  (C) science

  (D) chemical

  28. The word it in the passage refers to

  (A) secretin

  (B) small intestine

  (C) bloodstream

  (D) pancreas

  29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

  (A) remembered

  (B) surprised

  (C) invented

  (D) motivated

  30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

  (A) be part of the digestive process

  (B) influence the operations of the nervous system

  (C) affect processes in a different part of the body

  (D) regulate attitudes and behavior

  31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

  (A) whether scientists understand their function

  (B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

  (C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process

  (D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

  Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

  32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

  (A) misunderstood

  (B) precise

  (C) significant

  (D) simple

  33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

  (A) sudden

  (B) small

  (C) changing

  (D) noticeable

  34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  (A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

  (B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

  (C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.

  (D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.

  35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

  (A) decreased

  (B) advertised

  (C) prescribed

  (D) researched

  36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

  (A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

  (B) Adults with strong digestive systems

  (C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment

  (D) Children who may remain abnormally small

  37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

  These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

  (A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

  (B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

  (C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.

  (D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

  38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

  39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

  The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

  Answer Choices

  The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

  Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

  Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

  Answer Keys

  Reading:

  27. B

  28. A

  29. D

  30. C

  31. D

  32. C

  33. B

  34. D

  35. A

  36. D

  37. A

  38. third square

  39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

  2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

  3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

  以上就是小编带来的新托福阅读的模拟,大家都做完了吗,每天练习3.4个阅读,最好把生词给记下来,每天把之前的生词都熟悉一下,这种不断地加深印象,到了考试的时候不管是在阅读中或者是写作中都会起到很好的效果。

     

  想了解更多托福阅读网的资讯,请访问: 托福阅读

本文来源:https://toefl.liuxue86.com/t/289449.html
延伸阅读
托福阅读文章都比较长,所以在安排时间的时候需要有更多的考虑,那么接下来就和出国留学网来看看托福阅读时间安排及速度提高技巧。时间安排首先介绍下托福阅读时间安排,阅读考试总时长60分钟
2020-07-06
对于托福阅读,备考的考生对此有哪些了解呢?需要分内容和板块进行准备。接下来就和出国留学网一起来看看2020年托福阅读备考指导。备考方法单词:想要做好托福阅读,背托福单词是最基础的。
2020-06-16
托福阅读题型以及算分详解,希望这篇文章对于大家在进行托福阅读备考的时候有帮助,下面就好出国留学网一起来看看托福阅读考试有哪些常考题型?2020年托福阅读考试需要完成3篇文章,每篇文
2020-05-27
对于托福阅读,想获得高分,那么了解一些做题技巧是免不了的,接下来就和出国留学网的小编来了解一下2020年托福阅读考试满分答题技巧分享。做题的误区考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或
2020-05-27
托福阅读备考在托福考试中是非常重要的,那么接下来就和出国留学网一起来看看托福阅读备考需要了解哪些方面?了解一下2020年托福阅读备考技巧一览表。备考须知单词想要做好托福阅读,背托福
2020-05-18
因为考试时间有限,托福阅读速度提升是考生要考虑的问题之一,如何提升托福阅读速度呢?需要考托福的同学和出国留学网小编一起来看看托福阅读考试速度怎么训练?考试速度1.多做真题,模拟训练
2020-06-06
阅读不仅在英语考试中是重点,在中文考试中同样占比很重。其实阅读在我们生活中无处不在。但是托福阅读好像要难上些许,我们出国留学网给大家分析了一些托福阅读考点,来跟我们看看吧。一、例证
2019-06-10
托福阅读如此重要,很多人不知道怎么分配时间,那么托福阅读时间该怎么分配呢?想必是不少出国人士比较关心的问题,和出国留学网一起来看看怎样分配托福阅读时间?1.单篇阅读文章定格20分钟
2019-05-30
在托福阅读时,审题在考试中是非常重要的,那么接下来就和出国留学网一起来看看托福阅读考试审题技巧。对于托福阅读中的细节题,推断题和修辞目的题,审题是非常关键的。如果考生审题不清晰,或
2019-06-20
托福阅读备考在托福考试中是非常重要的,那么接下来就和出国留学网一起来看看托福阅读备考重难点分析,希望对大家有所帮助。全面备考单词:想要做好托福阅读,背托福单词是最基础的。这个就是需
2020-03-31