在此我们把托福阅读归类为9大题型，我们会逐题为您实例讲解托福阅读题型，今天为您讲解词汇题、指代题、句子简化题、句子插入题、细节题，下文《托福阅读题型解析（一）》由出国留学网托福频道为您整理，欢迎您访问出国留学网浏览更多考试资讯。
词汇题 Vocabulary questions
在托福考试当中，词汇题的主要目的是考察考生能否识别词汇在陌生语境中的含义。既然强调语境，那么通过识别生词附近的语境含义，往往可以推测出生词的含义。我们来看一道新托福考试官方指南上的题目：
Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ Explained
○ Visible
○ Identified
○ Located
这道题目很多同学会选择第四个选项(locate： 坐落于…)，将这个含义带入到语句当中，意思也通顺，指Basilosaurus 坐落于撒哈拉沙漠。但是这里需要注意的是，托福的词汇题并不是选项带入搭配合适就一定能找到正确答案，而是应该从语境入手来选择。正确的做法是，首先查看生词附近有无并列，转折等语境上的含义暗示。本句当中，生词的前方有“and”来暗示并列，而从句子结构来看，前半句中的动词“found”，意思是“找到，发现”，那么后半句的exposed 对应语境也应该强调发现某物，即找到，或者看见某物。因此这道题目的正确答案选择B(visible：可看见的)。
指代题 Reference questions
指代题在托福考试中题量大约为0-2 个，主要考察学生能否找到原文中代词的指代对象。解决指代题最基本的原则为：单复数与人称一致，前指且符合句意。
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
5. The word it in the passage refers to
○ Pakicetus
○ Fish
○ Life
○ ocean
本句代词作主语，在结构上指代上一句话主句中的名词主语，即A 选项的Pakicetus。也可以采用带入的方法，将选项逐一带入，符合搭配的只有A 选项，其余选项，B fish鱼类，C life 生命，D ocean 海洋， 都无法“bred and gave birth，哺育后代”。 目前十大题型中的指代题基本已经不考，但是相应的指代的原则有可能融入到其他题目中考查，最常见的考查方式即放在句子简化题或者句子插入题中一并考查。
句子简化题 Sentence Simplification questions
句子简化题是新题型之一，在这里我们先讲解一下。对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如，
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D 选项。剩下的A,B 两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification 沙漠化，而B 项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification 减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B 选项，A 为正确答案。
将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看下面这道题目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
浏览原句，从because 可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most 这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C 选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A 项，A 中为转折关系。而B 恰恰有because 这个词，此外B 中的extremely 可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。
句子插入题 Insert Text questions
█ Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. █ Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. █ In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █ He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them.
12. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.
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