语言表达的“外包装”
关于语言表达“外包装”的问题,考生们已经给予了足够的重视,很多人都专门地练习或系统地学习过发音。但需要注意的一点是,TOEFL iBT的口语考试是电脑录音,评判者是通过听录音来做分数评估的,所以, “说得快”未必是件好事,“说得清楚”才是重点。考虑到评卷者可能会产生的“听觉疲劳”,表达时的“断句”以及重点词汇在重音和语调上的突出,就成了有效传达信息的关键。所以考生们表述时不要一味求快,而要注意断句、重音和语调。我们以下面的句子为例来具体说明:
The Great Wall was the greatest man-made military defense structure in ancient China。
这是一个在口语表述中颇显功力和水平的句子,但若一口气把它说完,句子的美感就体现不出来了,而且在录音的情况下还可能会让评卷者无法听清楚,于是我们需要借助断句和重音来表达。下面笔者便用“/”作为断句的标志,用“〉”表明重音,来重新处理上面的句子:
The Great Wall/was the greatest/man-made military defense structure/in ancient China。
大家可以试着按照标志重读这个句子。其中重音处可以着重诵读;断句处则可以稍作停顿,或者是拉长词的读音,比如我们在读wall的时候拉长读音,在 greatest 和structure后则稍作停顿,这样整个句子听起来就更加容易理解,因为我们把句子的几个意群划分开了:The Great Wall/was the greatest/man-made military defense structure/in ancient China. 所以,为了使表达效果更好,使语言听起来更加悦耳,我们不但要注意发音,还要注意说话时的重音和断句。
语言表达的“实效性”
每个考官在悦耳的声音背后更想吸纳入耳的是有组织、有意义的词句。因而,对语言表达更进一步的要求也接踵而至,即说话的“实效性”,包括思维逻辑、语言组织和词句质量。下面笔者就以口语考试的具体题目来进行简要说明。
口语考试的第一题和第二题是独立口语任务,大家需要做的是就自己的经历或想法来回答问题。题目主要涉及日常生活和一些社会现象,准备时间15秒,答题时间45秒。这一类型的考试形式和面试比较相似。从时间上看, 15秒的准备时间形同虚设,因为这么短的时间根本无法让考生酝酿出好的答案来。要想在面试中表现得好,必须事先有所准备,同样道理,要想在这两个题目上获得高分,预先的素材准备也是必不可少的。正所谓:
有备无患,胸有成竹。信心百倍,微笑说话。
我们先来比较一下关于如下题目的两种回答:
What is your favorite place for reading?
Answer 1:
I think my favorite place for reading is the library. Firstly because in the library, many students are reading and you will read with them. Secondly because in the library, you can get many books easily, so you can get to the information quickly. Um...so I like to read in the library。
Answer 2:
Unlike many people, my favorite place for reading is the park. I just like the atmosphere. Reading is tiring, and when I feel tired, I can look up from my book and see people jogging on the paths and boating on the lake. Then I feel relaxed. Also, when your eyes feel tired, there are many green trees and grass to look at to give them a good rest. In the park, you can see many old people taking their beloved pet birds and dogs for a walk. This gives me inspiration. Indeed, I like to read in parks rather than in libraries or classrooms。