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Day 1 Listening skills
托福听力主要考察学生理解对话以及讲座内容的能力。
每段对话只播放一次，但可以做笔记。问题主要关于每段对话的主要观点、重要的细节、作者态度等。
托福听力分为两个部分，每部分有一段对话和两个讲座。如果遇到加试，加试的一个部分也是由一段对话和两个讲座组成。
托福听力的主要形式：
Informal, Non-academic, and Conversational
这一类型的听力主要是以在校园中对话的形式出现，如学生与学生之间或是学生与老师之间的对话。
Formal and Academic
这一类型的听力主要是以学术讲座的形式出现。主题分为很多种，如自然科学、社会科学、艺术等。
Listening question types:
主旨题(identifying the main idea)
细节题(understanding detail)
组织结构题(understanding organization)
推断题(making inferences)
作者态度题(determining attitude)
连接内容题(connecting content)
在听力过程中，要理解说话人的观点，重要的内容和细节要记下来，以免听完之后忘记。
Listening skills：
1. 听的时候注意一些连接词，如表示转折的but, however等，表示因果关系的because, thanks to等。
2. 注意形容词和副词的最高级，如the most important thing is后面就是这段话的关键部分。
3. 注意一些表示顺序的词语，如next, then, finally等。
4. 在lecture中，注意听结尾表达作者观点的句子。
Day 2 Multi-Select Multiple Choice
在托福听力中，有时会出现Multi-Select Multiple Choice的问题类型。
这类问题要求大家从4个选项中选出2个正确答案，或从5个选项中选出3个正确答案。
这种多项选择大多考察听力原文中的细节。
这种多选的形式跟细节题的单选形式相同，大家只要再找出其他正确的细节就可以了。
在做这种题型时，笔记非常重要，因为在听完一段话后，大家可能会忘记一些部分。
Example:
Listen to part of a talk in a philosophy class.
Professor: ... Ok, so let's continue our discussion about the philosophical beliefs that emerged during the Enlightenment period. As you know, the Enlightenment was a historical period when many philosophers broke away from the religious explanations of the world, and looked toward science as a more reasonable explanation of phenomena. This was during the late eighteenth century.
As most of you know, in philosophy, one idea leads to the next, and philosophers who come later like to reinvestigate older ideas and change them to fit into a new explanation. They also liked to criticize each other. This academic criticism led to a different philosophical movement that came out of Germany and was called Idealism. Today we are going to look at a particular philosopher who is regarded as the founder of German Idealism. Immanuel Kant is considered to be the first German idealist.
Student 1: Excuse me professor, I am not clear what idealism means. I read the chapter in the book, but I don't really understand it. Could you explain it please?
Professor: Sure, yes, let's backtrack a bit. In philosophy, to be an idealist is a little bit different than the way we use it in regular conversation. The philosophical meaning of idealism is that we do not directly know objects. We can only directly know ideas. I mean, ideas are like imprints, which are like the pictures of these objects in our minds. For example, take fire. We can see fire, so we have a picture of it in our minds. We can touch fire, so we know that it is hot, but sight and touch are sensations. We know the picture of fire in our minds and we know the idea of heat in our minds but not the fire itself. Idealists were a group of philosophers that believed we could only know the ideas in our minds, not the objects they represent. All we really know are the ideas. This was the basic theory of how human beings understand the world according to idealists.
Student 1: I think it means that we can only really know our ideas for sure. Everything else might exist but we can't claim to really know it because it is not a part of us.
Professor: You are getting there. Yes. Idealists, remember, were European thinkers who were trying to show that each person has a different way of understanding something. In each person's mind the "truth" is a little different. Reality is subjective because we all understand it a little differently.
There were many philosophers that were idealists, but let's get back to Kant.
Now, Where was I?
Right... umm... In the later part of the 1700s, Kant criticized both the rational philosophers who believed that reason could lead to understanding, and the empirical philosophers, who believed that we only learn through observation and experience. He tried to bring the two groups of thinkers together in his own form of idealism. He believed that we had certain ways of looking at the world in our minds, and that we could predict certain patterns by using reason, but he also claimed that there are things that we can only really know though experience. We cannot predict everything that we will encounter in the world. He claimed that both reason and experience were important.
Question: What is true about Idealism? Choose 2 answers.
A. It is a way of understanding physics.
B. It was based on scientific thought.
C. It claims we cannot know objects.
D. It was developed in 1700.
这段对话中，Professor说："As you know, the Enlightenment was a historical period when many philosophers broke away from the religious explanations of the world, and looked toward science as a more reasonable explanation of phenomena."同时他也给出了理想主义的定义，"The philosophical meaning of idealism is that we do not directly know objects. We can only directly know ideas."
选项A混淆了两个发音相似的单词philosophy 和physics。
选项D也不正确，理想主义的发展是在18世纪后期。
Some tips about Multi-Select Multiple Choice:
1. 注意factors, result, explanation等的并列成分，不要有遗漏;
2. 在听的时候注意记笔记。记笔记时用简化的符号代替单词，记下重要部分;
3. 将听力原文中的时间、数字记清楚，并与相应的事件对应;
4. 注意排除干扰项。如果原文没有表达这一意思，那么这个选项就是错的。