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如何实现托福阅读的连贯性阅读?
大家是否还记得，在托福满分作文的评分标准中有这么一条：
Displays unity, progression, and coherence. ( 体现出统一、递进、连贯的特点。)
这条标准要求我们在写作时要注意文章的连贯性。首先，何为连贯性? 连贯性就是要求句子与句子之间，或是段落与段落之间需以一种清晰的、合乎逻辑的方式进行展开，做到思路清晰，层次分明。这样写文章的好处就是能够让一个读者顺着作者的思路一口气把文章读完，并且同时掌握文章的主要信息。托福的每一篇阅读文章都可以算是一篇满分作文，所以它必定体现出了统一、递进和连贯的特点。所以当我们在阅读托福文章时，就应该做到阅读的连贯性，否则就有可能面临由于前后缺乏联系，最终导致只抓到了局部信息而缺乏整体信息的情况。那么当我们在阅读时，如何做到连贯性的阅读呢?
连贯性通常通过两种方式体现出来：语义重复和逻辑连接。语义重复就是两个句子会存在某个概念的延续，通过对这个概念的重复把信息延续下去。语义重复会有多种形式，比如重复某个词，也可以出现某个词的近义词或反义词。如下面两句话：In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). 这两句话就是通过animals和beasts的同义替换把信息延续下去。语义重复还可以通过对某部分内容的概括或是对某部分内容的具体展开来实现。如下面两句：The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and brown. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. 这两句话就是通过对red, yellow, and brown的概括，即the colors实现了连贯性。当然，语义重复最常用的手段还是通过代词的灵活运用。如以下两句：But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
逻辑连接就是通过特定的逻辑关系词体现出两句话或是多句话之间的关系。常见的如因果关系、转折关系、条件关系、递进关系等。这些过渡词的使用能够使文章更加清晰、流畅。所以当我在遇到此类逻辑关系词时，要顺着这些逻辑关系词表达的逻辑关系去阅读文章。
我们以TPO1 GROUNDWATER的第二段做一个综合展示，下划线代表的是信息延续点。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces(原词重现) are those among the particles(对forms具体展开)—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material(代词), out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They(代词) are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example(逻辑关系), as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.The water(原词重现) was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand(对loads of coarse sediment的具体展开), known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
